In earlier times, different regions used different systems of numbering, not only measures of weight, distance or temperature, but also of time and chronology. In his work “The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era“, Alden Mosshammer, professor emeritus of history, notes:

The standard chronological reference in many ancient cities was the eponymous year—the name of the chief magistrate who served during that year. Some ancient historians also dated by reference to a numbered Olympiad, beginning with the first Olympic observance, traditionally dated to the summer of 776 BC. Where kings ruled, it was customary to number the years of the monarch. Numbering the years from the foundation of a city or an epochal date in its history was also common. A system of numbering the years by reference to a 15‐year period known as the Indiction, with a base‐date in AD 312/13 emerged in the eastern Empire. Some Christian writers numbered the years from the Creation of the cosmos, others from the Passion of Jesus. Each city had its own calendar, with different names for the month and a different point for the beginning of the year.

https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199543120.003.0002
In doing so, modern revisionists have discovered that even the numbering systems themselves may have differed in the past: non-positional Roman numbers could have been recorded not only in the decimal style generally accepted today, but also in octal. I have made a simple web application for this kind of research:

http://is3.soundragon.su/romans

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Full translation into Russian of the Confession to Conspiracy to Assassinate JFK by Kerry Thornley as told to Sondra London: https://is3.soundragon.su/ru/omar_confess

Conquest, Colonialism, Сapitalism are all collective forms of interaction between one group of people and another. Such forms of group interaction become available due to the organization and collective actions of many different people with different interests, when they start to act for a common goal (family, tribal, class etc.)

A common language is not enough for the success of such collective forms of activity; such forms of domination of some people over others meet with natural counteraction. A common social philosophy or ideology is required to justify the advantages of some groups over others. Thanks to the introduction of the Prussian educational standard of education in most civilized countries of the world, the social philosophy of Darwinism has been instilled for several generations already, through a 10-year regime from bell to bell during puberty. Various national and class theories of Social Darwinism boil down to the fact that they proclaim struggle for existence, natural selection (survival of the fittest) and competition as the most important factors of evolution.

The postulates of Social Darwinism are well grounded in the social sciences. But Darwinism itself was initially poorly grounded in the natural sciences and even rejected by academies, after confirmation of Gregor Johann Mendel’s discoveries about genetic inheritance. In order to preserve the authority of Darwinism and its influence on the social sciences, academicians developed a synthetic theory of evolution. It is extremely important for the academic community to maintain this dilapidated evolutionary foundation, since all academicians without exception are fittest in the competition for academic titles, and the academic hierarchy is based on Social Darwinism.

But meanwhile, the evolutionary model of Kropotkin has long been known in the non-academic natural-scientific scholar community: Mutual Aid – A Factor of Evolution. This evolutionary theory, published 117 years ago, is well grounded, threre are many examples of stable and thriving populations prone to intraspecific and, especially, interspecific mutual aid. Animal and human examples demonstrate the advantages of mutual aid over primitive natural selection (at the time of publication, Darwinism had not yet been disproved by discoveries in the field of inheritance):

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Mutual_Aid_a_Factor_of_Evolution

Although Social Kropotkinism potentially level out academic, national and other authorities based on Social Darwinism, Kropotkin’s very model of evolution is the most scientifically sound theoretical basis for describing current biological diversity.

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